Immunotherapy for primary squamous cell carcinoma of the liver: A case report

The present study reports an exceedingly rare case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the liver (PSCCL), a malignancy that has been documented in only ~30 cases worldwide, with both diagnosis and treatment presenting significant challenges. A 72-year-old man presented with right upper abdominal discomfort was admitted to Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital (Xi'an, China). Computed tomography (CT) imaging revealed a space-occupying lesion in the liver. A subsequent percutaneous liver biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of PSCCL. Positron emission tomography/CT was performed to exclude metastasis from other primary sites and confirmed the diagnosis of PSCCL. The patient received combination therapy of envafolimab and albumin-paclitaxel plus cisplatin. Telephone follow-up continued until December 2024 (a total of 18 months), during which the patient achieved and maintained a sustained partial response. The uniqueness of the present case lies in the patient's receipt of an innovative therapeutic regimen combining envafolimab with albumin-paclitaxel and cisplatin, achieving a sustained partial response over an 18-month follow-up period. This outcome not only offers novel insights for the clinical management of PSCCL but also underscores the importance of multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment in rare tumors.