Magnetohydrodynamic buoyancy-driven hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer within a partially heated porous square cavity

The analysis of flow and thermal distribution characteristics within cavities filled with aqueous-based nanoparticle suspensions subjected to partially heated walls has obtained substantial attention in engineering and industrial fields, including aerospace thermal management, fuel cells, and electronic cooling systems. Motivated by these applications, the current investigation computationally analyzes the behavior of magneto-hydrodynamics natural convection inside a porous square cavity, considering the effects of varying magnetic field angles and thermal radiation. The system of equations is changed into non-dimensional form by utilizing appropriate dimensionless variables and is solved by employing the well-established finite difference approach based on the Marker and Cell procedure. This method is utilized to examine the influences of various critical parameters on flow and heat distribution patterns, as well as Nusselt profiles. It provides valuable insights into the complex interplay of physical phenomena that govern the system's flow and thermal behavior. The research specifically focuses on evaluating the heat transmission rate under the influence of thermal radiation. It has been observed that increasing the porous parameter from 10−3 to 10−1 leads to an improvement in the heat transfer rate of 45.71%, 40.81%, and 29.04% by varying the radiation influence of 0, 0.5, and 1, respectively, while also augmenting the nanoparticle concentration from 0% to 5% results in an improvement in the heat transfer rate of 9.29%, 6.19%, and 4.56%, respectively. The results of this investigation could facilitate the improvement of heat transfer behavior by utilizing ternary hybrid nanofluids across diverse engineering and industrial applications to develop efficient thermal management systems.