Pathological Characteristics of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms in Sri Lankan Settings: A Retrospective Study

Introduction: Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors arising from neuroendocrine cells, with increasing incidence worldwide. Limited data exist on NENs in Sri Lanka. This study describes the demographic, anatomical, and pathological characteristics of NENs in Sri Lanka and compares findings with regional and global data.Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted using histopathology reports from seven centers in Sri Lanka from January 2017 to June 2021. A total of 151 patient records were analyzed, categorized based on the 2022 WHO classification for NENs.Results: The sample included 77 males and 74 females, with a median age of 58 years. Primary NENs accounted for 71% of cases, with gastroenteropancreatic NENs (GEP-NENs) being the most common (75.7%). Pancreatic NENs were the most frequent (41.9%), followed by small intestinal NENs (30.9%). The liver was the most common metastatic site (36%). Immunohistochemical markers chromogranin A and synaptophysin were positive in 82.8% and 79.5% of cases, respectively. Well-differentiated tumors (Grade 1 and 2) comprised 65%, while neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) accounted for 35%.Discussion: The pathological characteristics of NENs in Sri Lanka align with global and regional data, with pancreatic and small intestinal NENs being the most common. However, regional variations emphasize the need for localized studies and tailored management approaches.Conclusion: This study enhances understanding of NENs in Sri Lanka, highlighting the need for improved diagnostic expertise, systematic data collection, and further research to improve patient outcomes.