Gallic acid Inhibiting TGF-beta and modifying Intrinsic Apoptotic Signalling Pathways to suppress Osteosarcoma Cell Migration, Proliferation and to induce Apoptosis

The most prevalent primary cancer in bone tissues is osteosarcoma (OS). For thousands of years, traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have been employed and their use offers valuable insights into the treatment of OS. Natural phenolic acid found in a variety of foods and herbs is called gallic acid (GA). GA has a number of well-established pharmacological properties including anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory properties. Its biological role in OS is still not entirely known, nevertheless. GA's putative anti-cancer qualities were assessed in MG63 cells. In these OS cells, its effects on migration, apoptosis, cell cycle and proliferation were investigated. The JAK-STAT signalling pathway was identified using experiments using flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Molecular docking was used to examine the in silico impact of GA on proteins. GA was discovered in this work to prevent invasion and metastasis in addition to causing cell cycle arrest and death in OS cells which in turn suppresses tumour growth in vitro. The binding affinity of GA with the JAK-STAT proteins was determined using the Autodock program. When viewed as a whole, our findings showed that GA impeded tumour growth in OS cells by regulating the JAK-STAT, TGF and SMAD signalling pathways.