The Koshi Agreement: A successful Model of Transboundary Water Governance and Climate Resilience in South Asia

Climate change is a critical factor affecting transboundary water management in South Asia, requiring robust agreements like the Koshi Agreement between India and Nepal. Signed in 1954 and amended in 1966, it serves as an initial model for regulating shared water resources. The agreement promotes equitable sharing of the Koshi River basin’s water, flood control measures and disaster risk management. Key provisions include forming the Koshi River Commission, frequent official meetings and sharing data to confirm balanced usage and mutual cooperation. It addresses the vulnerability of Koshi basin communities to floods and landslides through early warning systems, infrastructure and community preparedness interventions. The Koshi agreement has strengthened climate resilience by integrating renewable energy and hydropower projects, nurturing sustainable development and economic growth. These projects have diversified energy portfolios while maximizing disaster preparedness and minimizing impacts. Achievements include improved water quality and flood control with challenges such as sedimentation and equitable benefit sharing. The agreement highlights the potential of adaptive management and innovative frameworks for sustainable water resource management. Future research should prioritize developing institutional arrangements, engaging stakeholders effectively and incorporating climate change considerations to enhance regional cooperation and resilience.