Optimizing nutrition interventions: recommendations for pre- and post-bariatric adult patients to achieve long-term success—a systematic review

Abstract Background Bariatric surgery is a well-known procedure for morbid obesity, which has achieved great success with weight loss and improvement of obesity-related diseases. Such will result in nutritional deficiencies, complications such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and dumping syndrome, and challenges with maintaining weight after undergoing bariatric surgery; necessitating comprehensive management of nutrition. Aim This systematic review assesses the efficacy of pre- and post-operative nutrition intervention through bariatric surgery to prevent nutrient deficiencies while improving long-term surgical outcomes. We aim to create evidence-based, clinical guidelines to mitigate risks and improve patient outcomes following bariatric surgery. Methods A literature search was conducted cross-database (2013 to 2024) related to bariatric procedures, dietary therapy, and nutritional care components aimed at reducing the risk of deficiencies and adverse incidents in adult patients with obesity. Results Post-surgery, endogenous malnutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent, especially with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. Complications, including GERD and dumping syndrome, can have a detrimental impact on patient quality of life. Low-calorie diets filter good results before surgery and facilitate zephyr loss. An emphasis on follow-up and tailored supplementation to avoid deficiencies in pivotal vitamins and minerals (notably B1, B12, D, calcium, and iron) is vital as part of a multidisciplinary approach to personalized nutritional management. Conclusion Tailor-made nutritional care significantly enhances bariatric patient outcomes. It requires ongoing assessment, personal adaptation to prevent possible deficiencies and complications, and, thus, success over time. Recommendations Comprehensive pre- and post-operative nutritional assessments, adherence to balanced diets, daily multivitamins and minerals supplementation, and an active lifestyle are recommended. Further research is recommended to explore non-surgical interventions and optimize dietary strategies for diverse patient populations.