Bioactive Scaffolds with Ordered Micro/Nano‐Scale Topological Surface for Vascularized Bone Regeneration

The ordered topological micro/nanostructures of scaffolds play a pivotal role in regulating bone development, remodeling, and regeneration. Nevertheless, achieving the integration of ordered micro/nanostructures into 3D scaffolds remains a formidable challenge. In this context, a brushing-assembly strategy is developed to construct 3D bioactive scaffolds with highly ordered micro/nanostructures. Such an engineered scaffold exhibits a positive regulatory effect on the behavior and fate of bone resident cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), through mechanical stimulation provided by the ordered micro/nanostructures, while also allowing for the precise spatial distribution of multiple cell types through assembly. In vivo experiments demonstrate that scaffolds with ordered nanostructures possess the potential to accelerate vascularized bone regeneration. Overall, this work proposed a universal strategy for the fabrication of bioactive scaffolds with ordered topological micro/nanostructures, bridging the gap between 3D scaffolds and ordered surface microstructures for tissue engineering.