Research Progress on Clinical Characteristics of HIV/AIDS Patients

全球艾滋病疫情在抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)的普及下呈现整体下降趋势，但区域流行差异显著。中国虽维持低流行水平，但男男性行为传播比例激增、青年学生及老年群体感染率上升，使得防控形势复杂化。本文系统梳理近年来HIV/AIDS住院患者的临床特征、机会性感染谱及诊疗进展，结合国内外最新研究，分析其流行病学特征、免疫病理机制及并发症管理策略，旨在为优化临床诊疗路径、降低患者死亡率提供科学依据。The global HIV epidemic has shown an overall decline in the spread of antiretroviral treatment (ART), but regional prevalence varies significantly. Although China has maintained a low epidemic level, the rapid rate of transmission among men who have sex with men and the rising infection rate among young students and the elderly have complicated the prevention and control situation. In this paper, clinical characteristics, opportunistic infection spectrum and diagnosis and treatment progress of inpatients with HIV/AIDS in recent years were systematically reviewed. Combined with the latest research at home and abroad, epidemiological characteristics, immunopathological mechanisms and complication management strategies were analyzed, aiming to provide scientific basis for optimizing clinical diagnosis and treatment paths and reducing patient mortality.