Research on exosomes and neurodevelopmental disorders

Exosomes are vesicles that are encapsulated by intracellular somatic membranes and released into the extracellular environment.These vesicles contain biological macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and can participate in a variety of biological processes such as cell-to-cell communication, transportation, and regulation.Physiological exosomes can regulate immune responses by influencing the function of immune cells by transmitting specific signaling molecules [1]. In pathological conditions, such as tumorigenesis, tumor cells secrete exosomes containing a variety of pro-tumor growth and anti-apoptotic factors, thereby promoting tumor growth and spread[2].Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of disorders that originate from the process of brain development in early childhood, and these diseases usually show symptoms in early childhood, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Rett syndrome (RTT), etc.The exact cause of neurodevelopmental disorders is not fully understood, but it may be related to a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental factors, and pregnancy and perinatal complications.In this paper, we review the biological functions and mechanisms of exosomes, as well as the relationship between exosomes and neurodevelopmental disorders.