The Sense Theory of Situatedness of Male Nurses in Nursing: A Constructivist Grounded Theory Study

Background: Nursing, historically seen as a female-dominated field, continues to present male nurses with deep-seated stereotypes that challenge their competence and professional identity. From societal expectations of masculinity to biases within healthcare, male nurses navigate a profession shaped by tradition yet evolving with time. Methods: This study employs Constructivist Grounded Theory (CGT) to examine how nurses establish their place in nursing and redefine their roles. Following Charmaz’s CGT, data collection involved iterative, in-depth interviews and constant comparative analysis. Initially, 15 male nurses from private and public tertiary hospitals in Cebu City were selected through purposive sampling. Results: As themes emerged, theoretical sampling expanded participation to 30 male and 10 female nurses, allowing for a comparative gender perspective across diverse clinical roles. The core category, "Situating Encompassing Spatial Existence (SENSE)," illustrates how male nurses persist in the profession despite the stigma. Five themes form NURSE: Navigating perceptions, Upholding biases through skills, Realizing career pathways, Sensitizing inclusivity, and Evolving professional identity. Conclusion: The SENSE theory illustrates how male nurses navigate biases and institutional barriers, transforming adversity into professional growth. Grounded in the NURSE framework—nurturing, unifying, reforming, strengthening, and empowering—it offers a roadmap for fostering inclusivity, redefining roles, and driving systemic change in nursing.