Common additive potent organic toxicants in energy drinks: An in-depth review of their health impacts, sample preparation methods, and chromatographic quantification techniques

To provide an in-depth review of the health effects associated with the high intake of common additive potent organic toxicants (POTs) found in energy drinks (EDs) and to present effective sample preparation and chromatographic quantification methods for assessing these risks. The review synthesizes existing literature on non-nutritional caffeinated drinks (NNCDs), focusing on EDs and the presence of various POTs, including caffeine, taurine, sweeteners, preservatives, synthetic colourants, and flavourings, as ED additives. Studies relevant to the subject matter discussed were selected based on their focus on health risks associated with EDs, methods for analyzing toxicants in these drinks, and advancements in sample preparation and chromatographic quantification techniques. Qualitative data related to the health effects of excessive ED consumption, particularly short-term and long-term risks such as tachycardia, cardiovascular issues, and metabolic disturbances, were extracted. Information on various sample preparation techniques (liquid-phase extraction, solid-phase extraction, and microextraction) and chromatographic methods for quantifying ED POTs were also extensively collected and discussed in detail. The review details various sample preparation methods that enhance the preconcentration of ED POTs (target analytes), alongside chromatographic techniques that ensure efficient separation and high sensitivity. It evaluates the use of innovative green solvents for eco-friendly extraction and also discusses the regulatory importance of monitoring common additive POTs in EDs to align with safety standards from WHO, FAO, FDA, and EFSA. This is the first review detailing the health risks associated with ED POTs and their sample extraction methods and chromatographic quantification techniques. The findings emphasize the need to regulate these toxicants to reduce health risks and ensure safety standards. They also suggest best practices and future research directions for enhancing POT determination in EDs and other beverages. • Energy drinks contain potent organic toxicants as ingredients or additives, which pose human health risks. • This review discusses the physicochemical properties and health impacts of potent organic toxicants in beverages. • Sample preparation methods and chromatographic techniques reported for quantification of these toxicants are reviewed. • The role of novel green solvents in the eco-friendly extraction of potent organic toxicants is highlighted. • The importance of regulating potent organic toxicants in beverages and foods was emphasised.