Development of Sustainable Water Treatment Technologies for Communities Using Low Cost Adsorbents

Access to clean water remains a critical global challenge, particularly in underserved regions where conventional treatment methods are costly and unsustainable. This study explores the development and application of low-cost adsorbents derived from agricultural waste, industrial byproducts, and biochar for water purification. A systematic review methodology was employed to assess the effectiveness of these adsorbents in removing contaminants such as heavy metals, organic pollutants, and fluoride. Findings indicate that materials like activated date seed carbon, rice husks, and sewage sludge-derived biochar exhibit high adsorption capacities, making them viable alternatives to commercial treatment solutions. However, challenges related to adsorption efficiency variability, regeneration, and large-scale implementation persist. Future research should focus on optimizing modification techniques, integrating hybrid treatment systems, and addressing economic barriers to enhance adoption. This review underscores the potential of low-cost adsorbents as sustainable solutions for improving water quality, particularly in resource-limited settings.