Challenges in the implementation of policies to reduce carbon emission

The implementation of policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions faces numerous challenges, both technically and socio-politically. Technological and infrastructural complexities result from the need to move from fossil fuel-based energy systems to renewable sources, which implies costly innovations, such as smart grids and carbon capture technologies. Economic resilience on the part of fossil fuel-dependent industries, along with legislative obstacles and difficulties in international cooperation, complicates the implementation of these policies. In this paper we aim to provide a clear understanding of the technological, economic and social barriers that stand in the way of adopting these measures. The aim of our research is to highlight the importance of international collaboration, technological innovation and the active participation of the public in identifying effective solutions to support the transition to a sustainable and low-carbon economy. Social opposition generated by fear of job losses or rising energy costs is an obstacle to progress, especially in regions dependent on polluting industries. Overcoming these challenges requires international coordination, technological innovation and citizen engagement to ensure an effective transition to a low-carbon economy.