Pharmacogenomics and Its Role in Precision Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the foremost cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditional “one-size-fits-all” pharmacotherapy has often led to suboptimal outcomes and adverse drug reactions. Pharmacogenomics—the study of how genetic variations affect individual responses to drugs—offers a transformative approach for precision medicine, particularly in the management of CVDs. This manuscript provides a detailed review of the evolution of pharmacogenomics and its integration into precision medicine frameworks for cardiovascular care. It includes a literature review up to 2017, outlines a methodological approach for assessing pharmacogenomic markers, discusses emerging results from clinical applications, and concludes with an outlook on future directions and challenges. By tailoring drug therapies based on genetic profiles, pharmacogenomics has the potential to enhance efficacy, minimize adverse effects, and improve overall patient outcomes in cardiovascular treatment.