Fabrication and Characterization of 3D Collagen/ Polycaprolactone/ Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Scaffold Using 3D Printing Method for Repairing Damaged Bone Tissue

The development of biocompatible and biodegradable scaffolds with optimal structural integrity remains a critical challenge in bone tissue engineering. Recently, 3D printing innovations have enabled precise manufacturing of scaffolds with desired shapes and porosity. In this study, polycaprolactone (PCL), hydroxyapatite (HA), and collagen (Col) composite scaffolds were fabricated using advanced 3D printing technology to address these challenges. The scaffolds were meticulously designed using CAD software, integrating biocompatible materials to enhance hydrophilicity and biodegradability while maintaining mechanical stability. Extensive characterization through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and biocompatibility assays was conducted. Among the configurations tested, the PCL-M1 scaffold exhibited the highest performance, demonstrating a smooth surface, enhanced swelling (92%), and controlled biodegradation (28%). XRD confirmed the successful incorporation of HA nanoparticles, while biocompatibility studies using MTT assays and osteoblast cell cultures validated excellent cell viability and bioactivity. This study demonstrates a novel approach to fabricate composite scaffolds with superior properties, positioning the PCL-M1 scaffold as a promising candidate for bone tissue engineering applications.