Optimal Energy Recycling, Allocation, and Trading for Electricity, Natural Gas, Heat, and Cold Energies in Factories With Ground Source Heat Pumps

To enhance the utilization of corporate green energy, integrated energy systems (IESs) have been proposed, with ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) being widely utilized as a clean energy conversion device within these systems. However, there have been few studies from the perspective of factory‐based IES designs regarding energy usage, energy storage, and energy trading considering GSHPs under the Internet of Energy (IoE) framework, especially for recyclable energies from the production equipment in the factory. Consequently, this study firstly formulates a mixed‐integer programing model for the factory‐based IES with a GSHP under the IoE framework that employs the information from the IoE to make decisions for utilizing, recycling, storing, and trading electricity, natural gas, heat, and cold energies through multienergy trading platforms while optimizing the relevant costs and revenues. Since the simplified harmony search algorithm (SHS) simplifies the classical harmony search algorithm (HSA) to accelerate the method of finding new solutions, and the island model considers migration among multiple subpopulations to increase population diversity, this study takes their advantages to propose the island‐based SHS (iSHS) to address the concerned problem. The experimental findings indicate that the iSHS surpasses both SHS and HSA in performance. In comparison to the electricity‐based system alone, the proposed IES achieves 39% green energy utilization and a 15.34% reduction in electricity consumption for the baseline factory. For the high‐load factory, while electricity consumption remains high, the IES still integrates 9% green energy, demonstrating its potential for scalability and adaptability across different factory scales.