Reminiscences of Traditional Prayer Rituals in Modern Udmurt Culture

Based on my fieldwork in 2018–2019, 2022–2023, late 19th to early 21st century studies by other experts, and internet resources, I explore the functioning of traditional prayer rituals in modern Udmurt culture. Current religious rites fall into three groups: continuing, renewed at ancient sanctuaries, and initiated elsewhere. Prayer rituals are continuing in several Southern Udmurt villages and meant to secure the communities’ wellbeing. They are a peculiar manifestation of Udmurt ethnic identity. Their deep meaning, however, is not always preserved, many elements are lost, and religious life in general is declining. Since the early 1990s, prayer rituals have been initiated at new places during festivals and holidays. They are thought to stimulate interest in Udmurt beliefs and rites and to propagate ethno-cultural codes outside Udmurtia. Under globalization and unification, the practicing of traditional rites preserves ethnic identity despite historical changes. Ceremonies with prayings contribute to the understanding and preserving ethno-cultural legacy.