Five Strategies for Efficient and Effective Training of Japanese Resident Physicians Under the Japanese Work Style Reform

Work-style reform in Japan, implemented in April 2019, aims to improve the well-being of physicians by regulating duty hours (DH). From 2024 to 2035, the DH for general physicians will be limited to 960 hours annually, while postgraduate year (PGY) 1 and 2 resident physicians may work up to 1860 hours to maintain sufficient training opportunities. However, studies indicate that excessive DH is associated with reduced sleep, worsened mental health, and increased risk of medical errors without significant improvement in clinical competence. This article proposes five strategies for balancing effective training and well-being among Japanese PGY1 and 2 residents within the framework of work-style reforms. Five key strategies are followed: 1) Flexible scheduling; 2) Task shifting and paperwork reduction; 3) Access to learning resources; 4) Feedback and mentorship; and 5) Workplace social capital and social support. By implementing these strategies, it is possible to enhance clinical residents' health and educational experience, achieving a balance between work hours and training needs.