THE ROLE OF PRAMĀṆAS IN ESTABLISHING THEISM: INSIGHTS FROM NYĀYA-KUSUMĀÑJALI

This paper delves into Udayana’s Nyāya-Kusumāñjali to analyze how the means of valid knowledge (Pramāṇas) are employed to establish the existence of Īśvara (God). Focusing primarily on Anumāna (Inference), it explores Udayana’s structured reasoning, refutations of atheistic views, and his application of Vyāpti (Invariable Concomitance) in proving a divine creator. The paper further compares these arguments with Western theistic frameworks and evaluates their relevance in contemporary philosophy. Through Sanskrit proofs, critical analysis, and comparative insights, this study underscores the lasting significance of Udayana’s logical defense of theism.