Balancing conservation and human access to nature: the impact of a constructed causeway on water levels and sedimentation, North Bull Island, Ireland

With coastal populations rising at three times the global average, sustainable ways of safeguarding human needs around access and use of the coast alongside lasting ecosystem health of coastal environments must be developed. At the same time, human populations are facing the challenge of managing coastal access on the back of a legacy of human interventions that have already altered - and have often had unintended or unforeseen impacts on - the coastal system and its functioning. We chart the history of the evolution of North Bull Island in Dublin Bay as an example of major unforeseen sedimentation in a coastal estuarine bay following the construction of river mouth training walls. We investigate the impact of a constructed causeway on the evolved 'naturescape' by comparing accretion and elevation change on the mid-marsh either side of the access road over a 32-month period (autumn 2021 to summer 2024) and measuring water levels either side of the causeway on six spring tides on consecutive days characterised by varying meteorological conditions in early September 2023. The results allow us to consider the potential implications a lack of physical connectivity may cause for the future of the two artificially separated back-barrier lagoon environments.