Application of nano-technology in disease management for horticultural crops

The prefix ‘nano’ is referred to a Greek prefix meaning ‘dwarf’ or something very small and depicts one billionth of a meter (10-9 m). Nanotechnology is defined as the study of manipulation and control of matter on atomic and molecular scale having at least one characteristic dimension in nanometer mostly ranging from 1 to 100 nm. Due to their unique characteristics, nanoparticles are increasingly used in agricultural production through foliage spraying and soil application. The application of nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles, nano-emulsions, and nanocarriers, offers innovative solutions for disease prevention, early detection, and effective control. Nano-based formulations enhance the efficiency of pesticides, fungicides, and antibacterial agents, reducing chemical usage and minimizing environmental impact. The use of nanoparticles can improve the efficiency of agricultural chemicals and reduce the pollution caused by the use of agricultural chemicals. Nano formulations ensure targeted action, minimize environmental contamination, and enhance the efficacy of active ingredients against pathogens. Nano sensors facilitate early detection of diseases by identifying pathogens and stress markers, enabling timely interventions. Additionally, nanomaterials like silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibit antimicrobial properties, providing sustainable alternatives to chemical treatments. Anthracnose and crown rot disease of banana could be managed by new approach like application of silver nanoparticles, which may be a better substitute of conventionally used fungicides. The Bio synthesized nanoparticles are not only effective for pre and post-harvest fungal disease management, but also improve shelf life of fruits. Silver and selenium nanoparticles reduced disease severity in horticultural produce and improved vegetative and chemical parameters of the plant. Nanotechnology have great potential to manage in both field and postharvest storage diseases. The addition of nanoparticles (e.g. AgNPs, SiO2NPs, ZnONPs and TiO2NPs, Chitosan NPs) successfully provided antifungal properties against a wide range of microorganism.