Fractional Crystallization Scenario for Magma Evolution on Mercury Inferred From Geochemical Variation Around the Caloris Basin

Abstract The observed geochemical heterogeneity on the surface of Mercury is key to understanding the planet's volcanic activity and mantle conditions. The Caloris basin shows a diversity in elemental composition, spectral properties, and geomorphology, both within and around it. However, the relationship among these characteristics has not been well understood due to the mismatch in spatial resolutions of the available observation data. This study investigates the geochemical end‐members around the Caloris basin, overcoming the limitation of the low spatial resolution of MESSENGER's X‐Ray Spectrometer (XRS) data. End‐member units are defined using spectral and geomorphological units from MESSENGER's VIS‐NIR spectral data and high‐resolution images, with the assumption of homogeneous elemental compositions within each unit. A mixing model is constructed to reproduce the XRS data by mixing the end‐members, and we solve the inverse problem to calculate the respective end‐member compositions. Five end‐member compositions were determined, including those corresponding to the post‐Caloris volcanic smooth plains interior and exterior to the basin and surrounding pre‐Caloris crust. Two smooth plains units, which are geomorphologically indistinguishable but spectrally distinct, showed a compositional variation consistent with magma evolution through fractional crystallization. This suggests that they originated from parent magmas with a common composition. The pre‐Caloris crust units showed a large compositional variation, ranging from low‐ to high‐Mg content, implying the potential existence of high‐Mg crusts comparable to the HMR. The observed crustal diversity could be explained by relatively minor heterogeneity in source mantle compositions and/or conditions of partial melting within the mantle.