Evolution of addressing forms in Russian and Hindi: from common origins to unique features

The aim of the study is to identify the similarities and differences in the functioning of the vocative case in Russian and the Sambodhan-Karaka in Hindi, based on the analysis of their historical development, grammatical characteristics, and socio-cultural context. The article examines the tendencies towards reduction of the vocative form in Russian, traced from the Proto-Slavic period to modern linguistic phenomena, as well as the preservation of the Sambodhan-Karaka in Hindi, inherited from Sanskrit through Prakrits. A systematization of forms, functions, and cultural aspects of address reveals both common features and unique characteristics of these systems. The scientific novelty of the study consists in identifying specific factors that explain the differences in the dynamics of development and socio-cultural significance of vocative forms in Russian and the Sambodhan-Karaka in Hindi, which has not previously been the subject of a detailed study in a comparative aspect. As a result, it is established that, despite their common Indo-European origin, the systems of address in Russian and Hindi exhibit significant differences, due to unique historical, cultural, and social factors.