Historical Evolution of Orthopaedic Surgery in Ancient Egypt: Review of Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus

The ancient Egyptians established a civilization that lasted over 3000 years around the Nile River. Besides the writing on papyrus, The Egyptians have a unique system for recording and writing their civilization on the walls of temples, cemeteries, and obelisks. Not only did they have remarkable achievements in governance, architecture, science, art, and religion, but the ancient Egyptians had an impressive and iconic practice of medicine as shown in their records. Their records showed a well-organized system for medical practice, including protocols for diagnosis, investigations, and treatment of different medical diseases.