Technological innovation, external debt, and green energy adoption: Assessing their impact on environmental sustainability in MINT economies

This study examines the impact of technological innovation, external debt, and green energy adoption on environmental sustainability in MINT countries. Using the Load Capacity Factor (LCF) for ecological assessment, it provides a broader perspective than traditional indicators like CO 2 emissions. The findings reveal that long-term debt and green energy investments enhance sustainability, while short-term debt and technological progress may have mixed effects, particularly in economies with inadequate green technology adoption. The study underscores the need for sustainable debt management, increased renewable energy investments, and targeted policy incentives to balance economic growth with environmental goals. Policy recommendations include subsidies, tax incentives, and strategic debt restructuring to support a greener economic transition. • Studies tech, debt, and green energy impacts on MINTs' environmental sustainability. • Presents LCF as better ecological metric than traditional carbon ones. • Shows tech can harm sustainability; debt has complex environmental effects. • Identifies renewables, clean tech as key to MINTs' environmental sustainability.