Mechanical and electromagnetic performance of smart cube origami: from 1D to 5D

Abstract This paper presents an innovative 5D origami-based structural design, exploring the application of origami technology across multiple dimensions (from 1D to 5D) and its potential in smart materials and deployable structures. The evolution of origami structures from 1D to 5D is discussed, emphasizing the increasing ability of origami structures to deform and adapt as the dimensions increase, particularly in 5D structures, where origami can achieve autonomous shape changes through adaptive mechanisms. In traditional 1D–4D origami structures, research has primarily focused on morphological deformations and responses to changes in the external environment. However, with advancements in technology, this study introduces the concept of 5D origami structures, innovatively incorporating a foundational dimension into the 4D structure. This new dimension not only extends the spatial adaptability of origami structures but also enables self-regulation through adaptive mechanisms, allowing the structure to adjust according to internal configurations, thereby enhancing its dynamic response capabilities. Moreover, compared to existing 4D origami structures, 5D structures offer greater flexibility and controllability in material self-regulation and shape transformations. Furthermore, a 5D cubic structure is proposed, combining origami technology with adaptive materials, and its potential application in smart antennas for dynamic electromagnetic property adjustment is analyzed. Additionally, the mechanical behaviors of origami unfolding deformations are studied, with a focus on the impact of creases on the unfolding process. The research reveals the mechanical characteristics, including geometric deformation, energy dissipation, and stiffness modulation, providing new insights for mechanical modeling and performance optimization of origami structures, promoting the application of origami technology in smart architecture and aerospace.