CVchain: A Cross-Voting-Based Low Latency Parallel Chain System

Despite existing parallel chain systems improving blockchain throughput by allowing concurrent blocks to be appended, challenges such as the excessive number of waiting blocks before confirmation and the inconsistency between block generation order and global confirmation sequence still persist. To address these challenges, we propose CVchain, a parallel chain system with a cross-voting mechanism. Blocks from other subchains are incorporated into the consistency determination of the main chain, reducing the probability of confirmation errors. Our global sorting mechanism leverages both real-time height information and the implicit temporal order contained in voting to improve the accuracy of block ordering. Furthermore, our voting mechanism randomly splits the mining power of the system, preventing targeted attacks on the specific subchain and defending against liveness attacks. We prove the safety and liveness properties of CVchain. We demonstrated its performance with a prototype implementation and large-scale experiments involving 200 nodes across 10 cloud servers in a distributed network environment. The results indicate that CVchain achieves a latency reduction of approximately 32.3% at a confirmation error probability of 0.01 while maintaining throughput levels comparable to OHIE. Additionally, it provides enhanced transaction ordering services.