Bullying and cyberbulling in children and adolescents: signs, types, forms, prevention (literature review)

Bullying and cyberbullying in children and adolescents is currently an extremely pressing medical, socio-psychological problem and brings together medical, psychological and pedagogical specialists. Purpose of the study: analytical review of domestic and foreign research in the field of traditional bullying and cyberbullying in children and adolescents. Materials and methods. The article discusses data on the prevalence, characteristics, signs, types, forms and programs for the prevention of traditional bullying and cyberbullying in children and adolescents. A scientific search was carried out using relevant keywords and basic terms in the search engines PubMed and Google Scholar, in the Scopus database, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka , RISC (eLIBRARY.RU) and others. Results. According to the results of an analysis of studies conducted in different countries, the problem of traditional bullying and cyberbullying among schoolchildren is observed in almost all countries of the world, regardless of their economic and socio-political development. The study of psychological traits and the identification of typologies of personalities of participants in traditional bullying and cyberbullying in schoolchildren will help in the development of strategies to combat bullying and cyberbullying, as well as prevention programs, in the work of teachers and psychologists with direct participants in bullying and people at risk. Conclusion. It should be noted that programs for the prevention of traditional bullying and cyberbullying among schoolchildren must be carried out in the context of the educational process together with teachers and parents (parent meetings, trainings and consultations), taking into account the age-psychological and individual characteristics of schoolchildren, who are the strategic potential of the future Russia.