Synthetic Biology‐Based Engineering Living Therapeutics for Antimicrobial Application

There is currently a pressing issue of antimicrobial resistance, with numerous pathogenic superbugs continually emerging, posing significant threats to both human health and the economy. However, the development of new antibiotics has not kept up in pace with the development of microbial resistance, necessitating the exploration of more effective approaches to combat microbes. Synthetic biology offers a novel paradigm by employing selective screening and assembling diverse biological components to redesign biological systems that can specifically target and eliminate microbes. In particular, engineering living therapeutics enables the detection and precise eradication of pathogenic microorganisms in a controlled means. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in engineering living therapeutics using synthetic biology for antibacterial treatment. It focuses on modifying bacteriophages, microbes, and mammalian cells through engineering approaches for antibacterial therapy. The advantages of each approach are delineated along with potential challenges they may encounter. Finally, a prospective outlook is presented highlighting the potential impact and future prospects of this innovative antimicrobial strategy.