A six - stage evaluation model for optimizing urban EV charging and swapping station locations

• Six-stage model integrates methods for station siting. • First use the improved MultiMOORA - Borda for CSS location choice. • Fuzzy DEMATEL finds key factors for complex siting. • Sensitivity analysis finds that economic and technical factors have a significant impact. • MultiMOORA - Borda fits complex siting scenarios. This study proposes a Six-Stage Evaluation Model, integrating fuzzy DEMATEL and an enhanced MultiMOORA-Borda algorithm for the siting of charging and swapping stations. Applied to Changsha City, the fuzzy DEMATEL method identifies construction cost and annual operation and maintenance costs as primary drivers, with smart grid coordination and horizontal dispatch efficiency as balancing factors. The MultiMOORA-Borda algorithm resolves weight inconsistencies and ranking issues. Key factors for site selection include service capacity, economic feasibility, and accessibility, while lower-ranked sites require better transportation access and infrastructure.Sensitivity analysis shows that economic factor weights significantly affect rankings, while technical indicators ensure stability. Compared to fuzzy AHP, ANP, VIKOR, SWARA, and TOPSIS methods, MultiMOORA Borda algorithm demonstrates superior stability and adaptability. This research provides both a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for optimizing charging and swapping station siting in dynamic urban environments.