Recent innovations in metal-based nanoparticles for food packaging: A focus on safety and environmental impact

• Enhance food safety, shelf life, and packaging performance with MBNPs. • Critical evaluation of safety risks and environmental impact. • Investigation of nanoparticle migration, toxicity, and regulatory concerns. The growing need for safer and more sustainable food packaging systems (FPSs) arises from increasing food waste and stringent safety regulations. Advanced FPSs are critical in improving food safety and quality. Such an industry is shifting towards more active, intelligent, and environmentally sustainable packaging solutions alongside gentler processing methods. Nanotechnology is at the forefront of the most advancements in developing novel FPSs. Advanced FPSs employing metal-based nanoparticles (MBNPs) are gaining attraction due to their potential to enhance food safety, extend shelf life, and improve mechanical and barrier properties. This review paper addresses this gap by providing a comprehensive literature review and focuses on innovations in MBNP applications, their potential hazards, and mitigation strategies. Furthermore, this review summarizes findings on the antimicrobial activity, barrier properties, and mechanical strength improvements conferred by MBNPs, while evaluating concerns related to nanoparticle migration, potential toxicity, and environmental impact. This review provides a holistic perspective on the current state and future directions of MBNP research in food packaging, offering insights for researchers, regulators, and industry stakeholders .