Advanced X-ray absorption spectroscopy for probing dynamics in CO2 reduction reaction electrocatalysts

Electrochemical CO2 conversion to value-added fuels presents an appealing avenue to realize low-carbon footprint. However, achieving sustainable energy conversion hinges on a comprehensive analysis of the catalyst surface-interface. X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) spectroscopy emerges as a pivotal characterization technique to facilitate a profound comprehension of the structure-activity relationship at atomic and electronic scales. Particularly, it can serve as an efficient tool for in-situ monitoring of the dynamic evolution and surface-interface configuration of catalysts. Herein, we highlight the advantages of the traditional XAFS technique in probing charge transfer, electronic structure, valence state, geometric structure and local coordination environments, along with its application for discerning critical configurations and dynamic transformations of CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) electrocatalysts with high spatial-temporal resolution. Advanced XAFS techniques at next-generation synchrotron facilities hold great potential for unraveling the intricate processes and mechanisms of CO2RR. X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy is pivotal for analyzing catalyst surface interfaces. This Review highlights the advantages of X-ray Absorption fine structure spectroscopy for identifying configurations and dynamic transformations of CO2 reduction reaction electrocatalysts.