Current advances in solid-phase microextraction technique as a green analytical sample preparation approach

Conventional analytical techniques often rely on harmful chemicals, leading to significant environmental pollution, contamination, and waste generation. Green analytical chemistry aims to develop eco-friendly alternatives, and one of the promising techniques in this field is solid phase microextraction (SPME). As a solvent-free sample preparation method, SPME aligns with the principles of green chemistry by eliminating the need for harmful solvents and minimizing waste production. The versatility of SPME has enabled its effective use in several analytical sample preparation fields including environmental analysis, food analysis, forensic investigation, pharmaceutical analysis, and biomedical research. This technique excels in extracting trace quantities of pharmaceuticals and pesticides from water, soil, and food matrices. In the pharmaceutical and biomedical sectors, SPME is invaluable for drug discovery, enabling the extraction of drugs and metabolites from biological samples. This review explored the diverse applications of SPME across multiple disciplines, offering a comprehensive overview of its uses and advancements. It aims to provide valuable insights for researchers, analysts, and industries seeking sustainable approaches in analytical chemistry, highlighting the potential of SPME for fast, green and efficient practices.