Global impoverishment of natural vegetation revealed by dark diversity
Anthropogenic biodiversity decline threatens the functioning of ecosystems and the many benefits they provide to humanity<sup>1</sup>. As well as causing species losses in directly affected locations, human influence might also reduce biodiversity in relatively unmodified vegetation if far-reaching anthropogenic effects trigger local extinctions and hinder recolonization. Here we show that local plant diversity is globally negatively related to the level of anthropogenic activity in the surrounding region. Impoverishment of natural vegetation was evident only when we considered community completeness: the proportion of all suitable species in the region that are present at a site. To estimate community completeness, we compared the number of recorded species with the dark diversity-ecologically suitable species that are absent from a site but present in the surrounding region<sup>2</sup>. In the sampled regions with a minimal human footprint index, an average of 35% of suitable plant species were present locally, compared with less than 20% in highly affected regions. Besides having the potential to uncover overlooked threats to biodiversity, dark diversity also provides guidance for nature conservation. Species in the dark diversity remain regionally present, and their local populations might be restored through measures that improve connectivity between natural vegetation fragments and reduce threats to population persistence.
Authors
- Borja Jiménez‐Alfaro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6601-9597)
- Severin D. H. Irl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1734-8607)
- Martin Vojík
- Giacomo Cangelmi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8411-4175)
- Gabriella Buffa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0862-637X)
- Mariana Dairel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-0170)
- Franz Essl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8253-2112)
- Alla Tokaryuk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6049-0158)
- Manuel Esteban Lucas‐Borja (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6270-8408)
- Sebastian Świerszcz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2035-0035)
- Francis Q. Brearley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5053-5693)
- Juan Antonio Campos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5992-2753)
- James F. Cahill (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4110-1516)
- Behlül Güler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2638-4340)
- Michela Marignani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8420-5454)
- Francesco de Bello (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9202-8198)
- Sajad A. Wani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7593-1825)
- Kolja Bergholz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4443-3214)
- Vistorina Amputu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8166-5714)
- Jesper Erenskjold Moeslund (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8591-7149)
- Vadim Prokhorov
- Toke T. Høye (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5387-3284)
- Riin Tamme (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4998-1394)
- Jonathan Bennett (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5617-7524)
- Michaela Vítková (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2848-7725)
- Ute Schmiedel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4059-6585)
- Hana Skálová (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1252-2952)
- Soroor Rahmanian (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6417-9781)
- Natalie Beenaerts (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5655-5943)
- Sahar Karami (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0381-2787)
- Łukasz Kozub (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6591-8045)
- Angela T. Moles (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2041-7762)
- Kathryn J. Bloodworth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5830-2712)
- Leonardo Rosati (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6157)
- Lauchlan H. Fraser (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3998-5540)
- Romina Lasagno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7716-7197)
- Richard Chevalier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3340-1954)
- Aurèle Toussaint (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5738-4637)
- Richard Hrivnák (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0716-4553)
- Jona Luther‐Mosebach (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9565-997X)
- Marcello Tomaselli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4208-3433)
- Kristin Ludewig (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2665-2712)
- Ana González‐Robles (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-8905)
- Bruno Paganeli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8660-0511)
- Risto Virtanen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8295-8217)
- Rut Sánchez de Dios (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1296-8604)
- Péter Török (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4428-3327)
- Rúben Heleno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4808-4907)
- Kimberly J. Komatsu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7056-4547)
- Ivana Svitková (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5671-0330)
- Madli Jõks (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0175-4595)
- Junichi Fujinuma (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9004-4709)
- Miriam Muñoz‐Rojas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9746-5191)
- Katalin Lukács
- Fernando Forster Furquim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2293-267X)
- Blaise Touzard
- Raúl Román (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5324-2033)
- Gaohua Fan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6043-8467)
- Andrew J. Tanentzap (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2883-1901)
- Irene Guerrero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5025-2025)
- John Derek Scasta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9925-7492)
- Giulia Silan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2022-7769)
- Alessandra Fidélis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9545-2285)
- Enrico Tordoni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9722-6692)
- V. G. Onipchenko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1626-1171)
- Aleš Lisner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4881-7362)
- Fallon M. Tanentzap
- Vigdis Vandvik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4651-4798)
- Marie Konečná (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9195-4576)
- Yinjie Guo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9811-123X)
- Signe Normand (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8782-4154)
- Markus Fischer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5589-5900)
- Karlien Moeys
- Koenraad Van Meerbeek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9260-3815)
- Judit Sonkoly (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4301-5240)
- Jonas J. Lembrechts (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1933-0750)
- Ji‐Zhong Wan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6438-251X)
- Begoña Peco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2149-1438)
- Arianna Ferrara (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8178-3910)
- Laura Boisvert‐Marsh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0939-8196)
- José Miguel Costa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4991-7122)
- Fatih Fazlioglu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4723-3640)
- Francisco M. Azcárate (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6517-6395)
- Eduardo Fernández‐Pascual (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4743-9577)
- Mari Moora (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4819-7506)
- Anu Eskelinen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1707-5263)
- Kersti Riibak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-4353)
- Triin Reitalu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6555-3066)
- Susan Harrison (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6278-2181)
- Enrique Valencia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3359-0759)
- John T. Hunter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5112-0465)
- Anke Jentsch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2345-8300)
- Florian Jansen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0331-5185)
- Vojtěch Lanta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4484-3838)
- Ove Eriksson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7580-5135)
- Rubén Tarifa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0288-1978)
- Alessandro Petraglia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4632-2251)
- Jodi N. Price (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2899-7693)
- Xavier Domene (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2951-1491)
- Edy Fantinato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0114-4738)
- Michele Carbognani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7701-9859)
- Bazartseren Boldgiv (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0015-8142)
- Jonathan von Oppen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6346-2964)
- Lucas Enrico (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8932-0144)
- Jan Clavel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7062-5589)
- Michael Ristow (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2109-2453)
- John Davison (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-6195)
- Eduardo Moreno‐Jiménez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2125-1197)
- Honor C. Prentice (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2548-0525)
- Hamid Ejtehadi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6128-2481)
- Tricia Wevill
- Tatjana Oja (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5547-7322)
- Paloma Nuche (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5050-1394)
- Maren Flagmeier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6655-5111)
- Dmytro Iakushenko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3463-7785)
- Mohammad Hassan Jouri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7571-2596)
- Petr Macek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4792-9461)
- Jiřı́ Sádlo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9723-3334)
- Zoltán Bátori (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9915-5309)
- Iwona Dembicz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6162-1519)
- Sara A. O. Cousins (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2656-2645)
- Ladislav Mucina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0317-8886)
- Jürgen Dengler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3221-660X)
- Jan Plue (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-669X)
- Jesús Villellas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7805-5683)
- Orsolya Valkó (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7919-6293)
- Maarja Öpik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8025-7460)
- Ruben E. Roos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1580-6424)
- Milan Chytrý (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8122-3075)
- James L. Tsakalos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5067-196X)
- Gianpietro Giusso del Galdo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4719-3711)
- Charlotte Brown (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3989-6401)
- Diego P. F. Trindade (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3732-9999)
- Melisa A. Giorgis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6126-6660)
- Kalina Pachedjieva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5638-3467)
- Kateřina Štajerová (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7824-1793)
- Kristine Birkeli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3980-4420)
- Bruno Enrico Leone Cerabolini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3793-0733)
- Christopher Carcaillet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6632-1507)
- Nadiia Skobel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4354-2881)
- Silvia Del Vecchio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8458-0433)
- Nele Ingerpuu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-9807)
- Matthew D. Barrett (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2926-4291)
- Andreas von Heßberg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0303-3624)
- Negin Katal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0225-7243)
- Lena Neuenkamp (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6108-5720)
- Pablo Tejero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6735-3423)
- Stef Haesen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4491-4213)
- Lotte Korell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7051-8903)
- Agnès Robin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3044-2304)
- Josep M. Serra‐Diaz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1988-1154)
- Ivan Moysiyenko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0689-6392)
- Michael Tholin
- Miroslav Dvorský (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0194-8189)
- Florian Jeltsch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4670-6469)
- Tamás Miglécz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2408-1928)
- Sanchir Khaliun (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8964-1642)
- Kun Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9705-8027)
- Sevda Türkiş (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-8437)
- Michele Dalle Fratte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7907-1586)
- Ricardo Ibáñez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1772-4473)
- T’ai G. W. Forte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8685-5872)
- Kirill Korznikov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2850-1483)
- Lina Weiß
- Joannès Guillemot (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4385-7656)
- Helena Lager
- Pablo L. Peri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5398-4408)
- Dajana Radujković (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4981-5879)
- Gwendolyn Peyre (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1977-7181)
- Viktoria Wagner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2665-9888)
- Arkadiusz Nowak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8638-0208)
- Pedro H. S. Brancalion (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8245-4062)
- Natalia Koroleva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5727-485X)
- Rob J. Lewis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2067-6844)
- Moisès Guardiola (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5572-540X)
- Cornelia Sattler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5779-2641)
- Nick L. Schultz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6760-9481)
- Ene Kook
- Julian Schrader (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8392-211X)
- Ana M. L. Peralta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3864-5392)
- Giacomo Sellan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5606-3957)
- Balázs Déak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6938-1997)
- András Kelemen
- Aaron Pérez‐Haase (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5974-7374)
- Isabelle Aubin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5953-1012)
- Hongtan Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0316-7370)
- Daniel A. Rodriguez Ginart
- Megan Good (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6908-1633)
- Maria Kozhevnikova
- Alessandro Chiarucci (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1160-235X)
- Lauri Laanisto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2215-7298)
- Richard Michalet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6617-4789)
- Meelis Pärtel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5874-0138)
- Riccardo Guarino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0106-9416)
- Idoia Biurrun (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-0433)
- Jiří Doležal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5829-4051)
- Carlos P. Carmona (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6935-4913)
- Raytha de Assis Murillo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7121-6990)
- Eva Janíková (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1649-9435)
- Pedro Antonio Plaza‐Álvarez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1034-2576)
- Д. К. Текеев
- Daniel Montesinos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2893-0878)
- Mercedes Valerio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3945-5187)
- Martin Zobel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7957-6704)
- Jan Čuda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2370-2051)
- José M. Blanco‐Moreno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1038-3941)
- Anzar Ahmad Khuroo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-2793)
- Zohreh Atashgahi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6130-9261)
- Béla Tóthmérész (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4766-7668)
- Heath W. Garris (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0416-4128)
- C. Guillermo Bueno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7288-2271)
- Csaba Tölgyesi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0770-2107)
- Yichen Tian
- Liping Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5550-1932)
- Oscar Zárate Martínez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0148-6119)
- Chun‐Jing Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1813-0383)
- Ana Belén Robles Cruz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1353-2917)
- Yingxin Huang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8854-4007)
- Maral Bashirzadeh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4436-9849)
- Karina Salimbayeva
- Alena Danilova
- Sa Xiao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8427-752X)
- Xuhe Liu
- Dmitrii Epikhin
- Diana Askarizadeh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7719-9378)
- Bulat I Khairullin
- Sylvia M Nambahu
- Ruben S Thormodsæter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3142-2651)
- Berle Garris
Institutions
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (FR)
- Namibia University of Science and Technology (NA)
- Tallinn University of Technology (EE)
- Università di Camerino (IT)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- University of Insubria (IT)
- University of Bern (CH)
- Manchester Metropolitan University (GB)
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- University of Parma (IT)
- Canadian Forest Service (CA)
- Natural Resources Canada (CA)
- University of Wyoming (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University (UA)
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (FR)
- University of Debrecen (HU)
- Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (FR)
- Université de Sherbrooke (CA)
- University of Kashmir (IN)
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (DE)
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice (IT)
- Federation University (AU)
- Deakin University (AU)
- Université de Bordeaux (FR)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- Charles Sturt University (AU)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- École Pratique des Hautes Études (FR)
- Thompson Rivers University (CA)
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Universidad de Los Andes (CO)
- Universidad de Oviedo (ES)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (AR)
- University of the Basque Country (ES)
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
- University of Cagliari (IT)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- Murdoch University (AU)
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées (FR)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (ES)
- University of Basel (CH)
- Lund University (SE)
- Universidad de Alcalá (ES)
- Universidad de Jaén (ES)
- Dokuz Eylül University (TR)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Estonian University of Life Sciences (EE)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Czech Academy of Sciences (CZ)
- University of Basilicata (IT)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZ)
- Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK)
- Masaryk University (CZ)
- University of Namibia (NA)
- University of Münster (DE)
- University of Szeged (HU)
- University of Tehran (IR)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Institut Agro Montpellier (FR)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- University of L'Aquila (IT)
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences (PL)
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (NO)
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (DE)
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AU)
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE)
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice (CZ)
- National University of Austral Patagonia (AR)
- Beijing Forestry University (CN)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- University of Saskatchewan (CA)
- University of Catania (IT)
- Fundação de Estudos Agrários Luiz de Queiroz (BR)
- Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research (IR)
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR)
- Ecologie fonctionnelle & biogéochimie des sols & des agro-systèmes (FR)
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (ES)
- Institute of Ecology and Botany (HU)
- Institute of Botany of the Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK)
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (ES)
- Red, Orange and Green Environmental Technologies (Brazil) (BR)
- Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (FR)
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology (CN)
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden – Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin (PL)
- Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas (ES)
- Altaiskiy State Nature Biosphere Reserve (RU)
- Centre d'Investigacions sobre Desertificació (ES)
- Forest Science and Research Institute (BR)
- Sichuan Academy of Forestry (CN)
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment (CN)
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (ES)
- Centre for Research on Ecology and Forestry Applications (ES)
- Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic (CZ)
- Comportement et Écologie de la Faune Sauvage (FR)
- County Administrative Board (SE)
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany (CZ)
- HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research (HU)
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (ES)
- Institut Agro Montpelier (FR)
- Cicely Saunders International (GB)
- Aerospace Information Research Institute (CN)
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (ES)
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (CZ)
- Guiana Space Centre (GF)
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (AR)
- Shenzhen Technology University (CN)
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NO)
- National Agricultural Technology Institute (AR)
- Ökopol (Germany) (DE)
- Institute of Botany (CN)
- Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (FR)
- Environmental Earth Sciences (AU)
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (FR)
- Oldham Council (GB)
- Ecosystem Sciences (AU)
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (FR)
- Shenzhen MSU-BIT University
- L'Institut Agro (FR)
- University of Bergen (NO)
- University of Zielona Góra (PL)
- University of Warsaw (PL)
- University of Rostock (DE)
- University of Almería (ES)
- University of Bayreuth (DE)
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NO)
- University of Tartu (EE)
- Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" (BG)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
- National University of Mongolia (MN)
- Ordu University (TR)
- Trent University (CA)
- Independent University of Moscow (RU)
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- Lanzhou University (CN)
- University of Coimbra (PT)
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (BE)
- University of Castilla-La Mancha (ES)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences (CH)
- James Cook University (AU)
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (IR)
- Hasselt University (BE)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad de Navarra (ES)
- Kherson State University (UA)
- University of Palermo (IT)
- University of New England (AU)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- Hexcel (United States) (US)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- University of Oulu (FI)
- Macquarie University (AU)
- KU Leuven (BE)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Nature
- Published
- 2025-04-02
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08814-5
- Citations
- 29
- Primary Topic
- Plant and animal studies
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 87.78
Funders
- Eesti Teadusagentuur