The Challenging and Unique Diagnosis of VEXAS Syndrome: A Case Report

VEXAS syndrome, a myeloid-driven autoinflammatory disorder associated with somatic mutations in the UBA1 gene, was first described in 2020 and presents significant diagnostic challenges due to its complex clinical features, including hematological abnormalities and autoimmune manifestations. We describe a case involving a 64-year-old male presenting with persistent anemia, weight loss, fatigue, fever, and recurrent inflammatory symptoms. Diagnostic workup, including imaging, serology, and bone marrow biopsy, revealed characteristic findings, including myeloid hyperplasia, and vacuolization in precursor cells. Genetic testing identified a UBA1 gene mutation, solidifying the diagnosis of VEXAS syndrome. The patient responded to immunosuppressive treatment with prednisone and ruxolitinib, with significant improvement in symptoms. This case tells us the importance of considering VEXAS syndrome in patients with refractory systemic inflammation and hematological abnormalities, particularly in older males. Early recognition and genetic testing are crucial for guiding treatment decisions, as the condition is progressive, often relapsing, and requires multidisciplinary management.