Optimization of Protective Measures to Control PM Emissions in Areas Near the Cement Factory. Case Study: Cement Factory in Borizane, Albania

The cement production industry is one of the most polluting activities worldwide. The Cement Factory in Borizane, Kruje, Albania, has been operating for nearly 19 years, utilizing local limestone and shale. This operator produces various types of cement. Health issues of residents and environmental problems suggest issues with protective measures. This article highlights the need to optimize protective measures to control PM10 levels around the factory, depending on dispersion due to weather, climate, geology, and topography. According to the Source-Pathway-Receptor (SPR) concept, PM10 emissions in four stacks, climate conditions, and terrain were analyzed. The AIRMOD program assessed their dispersion. The study concluded two dispersion scenarios. The first scenario, good dispersion of PM10 concentrations within the norm during months with cool temperatures, wind speeds ≥ 3 m/s. The second scenario, low dispersion of PM10 levels exceed the European norm (40 μg/m³) during high-temperature months with winds ≤ 2 m/s, southwest direction toward populated areas. Long-term exposure may link to increased bronchial, cardiac, and cancer risks. Minimizing PM10 levels with cost-effective protective measures is essential, especially in months with winds ≤ 2 m/s.