Evaluation of best management practices for controlling water pollution in an arid irrigation district

In agricultural regions, especially in arid and semi-arid irrigation districts with shallow groundwater, contamination of aquifers with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from fertilization and irrigation has been a growing concern, leading to downstream surface water quality degradation. This work simulates the reactive transport and interaction of NO 3 , NH 4 and soluble P in the soil-aquifer flow system by SWAT-MODFLOW-RT3D model and investigates the effectiveness of different Best Management Practices (BMPs) in reducing N and P pollution load, including nutrient management, residue cover, vegetation filter strip, and grassed waterways. The results show that the pollution load hotspots are distributed in the drainage ditch with groundwater depth less than 2 m, accounting for 25 % of the total area of the study area but contributing more than 50 % of the pollutant output. Among BMPs, the 30 % reduction in fertilizer (FR 30 %) led to limited pollution reduction, while implementing grass waterways resulted in the most significant improvements, with reductions of up to 31.5 % for total phosphorus (TP) and 19.6 % for total nitrogen (TN). The most effective strategy which combines 30 % fertilizer reduction, vegetation filter strip and grassed waterways can achieve reductions of 44.3 % for TP and 46.2 % for TN. These results emphasize the potential of tailored BMP strategies to mitigate nutrient pollution in groundwater- dominated watersheds, providing valuable insights for sustainable agricultural management and water quality protection. • Integrated SWAT-MODFLOW-RT3D framework for arid groundwater-surface water systems. • NO 3 , NH 4 and soluble P pollution load are analyzed. • Agricultural management data can effectively improve the accuracy of the model. • Combined BMPs show substantial improvement in nitrogen and phosphorus contamination.