Reproductive performances of Bali cattle under different management systems for designing their breeding strategies

Reproductive performance is an economically important trait in beef cattle breeding and improvement programs, as it directly influences overall productivity. Key performance indicators, such as age at puberty (AP), age at first mating (AFM), age at first calving (AFC), calving intervals (CI), days open (DO), number of services per conception (NSC), conception rate (CR), and gestation length (GL), can be used to assess reproductive performance. This review summarized findings from previous studies on the reproductive performance of Bali cattle under various management conditions in Indonesia. The literature indicated a range of reproductive performances in Bali cattle, with AP varying from 15.60 to 26.03 months, AFM from 16.90 to 34.08 months, AFC from 26.61 to 43.56 months, CI from 11.17 to 15.11 months, DO from 69.35 to 401.50 days, NSC from 1.00 to 2.70, CR from 33.70% to 83.00%, and GL from 275.58 to 288.96 days. The review emphasized key reproductive traits that require attention, specifically AFC and CI. While most reproductive traits are significantly influenced by environmental factors, this review demonstrated notable variation in reproductive characteristics across different management practices and populations. Consequently, management interventions and selection strategies could improve reproductive performance. Additionally, livestock keepers should monitor their cows regularly and receive training on reproductive management. Policymakers should invest in education and training for farmers, as workshops and seminars can provide essential knowledge on reproductive technologies, estrus detection, and artificial insemination techniques. This comprehensive approach is expected to enhance productivity and reproductive efficiency, ultimately increasing economic benefits for farmers.