From Atavism to Eugenics: The Evolution and Misuse of Classical Criminological Theories in Shaping Racial Policies

This paper critically examines the historical evolution and misuse of classical criminological theories, focusing on the contributions of Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, and Raffaele Garofalo, and their intersection with eugenic thought. These theories, which emphasized biological determinism, were co-opted to justify racial discrimination and genocidal policies, particularly by the Nazi regime. The research employs a qualitative design centered on the critical analysis of historical literature, incorporating both primary and secondary sources, including foundational texts by key theorists. Through thematic analysis, this research reveals how these deterministic views on criminality evolved into eugenic ideologies that supported oppressive social hierarchies. The study identifies three main findings: First, Lombroso's concept of the "born criminal" established a dangerous precedent by attributing criminality to inherent biological traits, paving the way for eugenic ideologies. Second, Ferri and Garofalo expanded upon Lombroso's theories, yet retained deterministic assumptions that linked social conditions and criminal behavior to innate characteristics, reinforcing prejudiced views on race and class. Third, the appropriation of these deterministic frameworks by the Nazi regime facilitated the implementation of racial purity laws, leading to horrific human rights abuses, including forced sterilizations and genocide. By fostering a critical reflection on the implications of scientific theories, this study contributes to the ongoing dialogue regarding the ethical responsibilities of researchers in the field of criminology and beyond.