COVID-19 associated acute kidney injury

Abstract Acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a notable complication of COVID-19 that is difficult to diagnose and treat. This review summarizes the prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of COVID-19-associated AKI (hereafter COVID-19 AKI). COVID-19 AKI is linked to a multisystem inflammatory syndrome and presents symptoms similar to those of AKI, which is associated with increased morbidity and death rates. The pathophysiological mechanisms of AKI include direct viral injury, cytokine storms, and systemic effects on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The diagnostic assessment of patients at risk for AKI involves screening for symptoms such as decreased urine output, fluid retention, and fatigue. In contrast, biomarkers like serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen are used for early detection. The management strategies for COVID-19 AKI, such as avoiding nephrotoxic medications, are similar to those for AKI of other causes. Renal replacement therapy may be considered as a treatment option for severe COVID-19 AKI, particularly in cases of fluid overload, or electrolyte imbalances that cannot be managed with conservative treatments. Future research is essential to elucidate the pathophysiology, optimize diagnostic criteria, and develop targeted therapies for COVID-19 AKI. A multidisciplinary approach focusing on physical and mental health is crucial for comprehensive patient care. Addressing these gaps will necessitate substantial funding support to propel research efforts and improve patient outcomes.