Endometriosis and endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer, possible connection and early diagnosis by evaluation of plasma microRNAs

Abstract Endometriosis and endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC) are related yet different gynecological conditions, often with EAOC developing upon endometriosis. This latter significantly increases the risk for ovarian cancer, especially endometrioid and clear cell types. Detecting EAOC poses a notable challenge due to its frequently asymptomatic initial phases and the absence of reliable screening methods, emphasizing the necessity for better diagnostic techniques. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been recognized as potential biomarkers for both endometriosis and EAOC. The research identified specific miRNAs including miR-21, miR-200, and miR-145, as exhibiting dysregulation in both conditions, indicating the early onset of these alterations and suggesting their potential involvement in the process of malignant transformation to EAOC. Furthermore, diagnostics using miRNAs hold great promise for non-invasive personalized assessments, leading to earlier detection and more effective individualized treatment plans. In this short perspective paper, we aim to highlight the potential link between endometriosis and EAOC discussing the possibility of early diagnosis through the evaluation of miRNAs in the blood of patients affected by these conditions.