<i>Caralluma tuberculata</i> (Chongan): Chemical Profiling, Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antibacterial and Antidiabetic Potential supported by In Silico Evidence

Abstract Caralluma tuberculata , a medicinal plant of the Apocynaceae family, has long been used to treat inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic problems. This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical composition of the aerial parts of C. tuberculata and evaluate its biological activities, which included antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antidiabetic properties. The aerial parts of C. tuberculata were analyzed using GC–MS. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined by Folin Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. In vitro antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activities were performed. In silico molecular docking was utilized using Maestro 11.5 from the Schrödinger suite. The TPC (83.12 ± 1.26 mg GAE/g of extract) of the aerial parts of the C. tuberculata extract were richer compared to TFC (47.45 ± 1.37 mg QE/g of extract) and exhibited moderate antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC 50 : 127.99 ± 1.72 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC 50 : 182.61 ± 1.88 µg/mL) assays. It was cytotoxic to MCF‐7 with IC 50 = 161.62 ± 1.92 µg/mL and HepG2 cells (IC 50 values of 151.87 ± 2.15 µg/mL) and regulated apoptotic pathways, increasing pro‐apoptotic gene expression. Antibacterial studies revealed a broad range of action, particularly against Gram‐positive bacteria. The extract of C. tuberculate's aerial parts had minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC) values ranging from 6.25 to 50 µg/mL. The extract effectively inhibited α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase, indicating potential antidiabetic effects, with IC 50 values 317.12 ± 2.17 µg/mL and 372.14 ± 1.64 µg/mL, respectively. Molecular docking revealed that 2,3‐dihydro‐3,5‐dihydroxy‐6‐methyl‐4h‐pyran‐4‐one, 8,8‐Dimethyl‐4‐methylene‐1‐oxaspiro [2.5] oct‐5‐ene, and 2,5‐Monomethyl were the molecules identified in C . tuberculata most active against the active sites of the three receptors studied. In conclusion, C. tuberculata has a diverse phytochemical profile with promising antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antidiabetic properties, making it a prospective option for developing therapies for metabolic disorders, infections, cancer, and age‐related illnesses.