The JWST-NIRCam View of Sagittarius C. I. Massive Star Formation and Protostellar Outflows
Abstract We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Near Infrared Camera observations of the massive star-forming molecular cloud Sagittarius C (Sgr C) in the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ). In conjunction with ancillary mid-IR and far-IR data, we characterize the two most massive protostars in Sgr C via spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting, estimating that they each have current masses of m * ∼ 20 M ⊙ and surrounding envelope masses of ∼100 M ⊙ . We report a census of lower-mass protostars in Sgr C via a search for infrared counterparts to millimeter continuum dust cores found with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). We identify 88 molecular hydrogen outflow knot candidates originating from outflows from protostars in Sgr C, the first such unambiguous detections in the infrared in the CMZ. About a quarter of these are associated with flows from the two massive protostars in Sgr C; these extend for over 1 pc and are associated with outflows detected in ALMA SiO line data. An additional ∼40 features likely trace shocks in outflows powered by lower-mass protostars throughout the cloud. We report the discovery of a new star-forming region hosting two prominent bow shocks and several other line-emitting features driven by at least two protostars. We infer that one of these is forming a high-mass star given an SED-derived mass of m * ∼ 9 M ⊙ and associated massive (∼90 M ⊙ ) millimeter core and water maser. Finally, we identify a population of miscellaneous molecular hydrogen objects that do not appear to be associated with protostellar outflows.
Authors
- Sarah Kendrew (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7612-0469)
- Morten Andersen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5306-4089)
- F. Nogueras-Lara (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6379-7593)
- Yu Cheng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8691-4588)
- Jonathan C. Tan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3389-9142)
- Adam Ginsburg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6431-9633)
- Yao-Lun Yang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8227-2816)
- S. Crowe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0394-3754)
- R. Schöedel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5404-797X)
- John Bally (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8135-6612)
- Chi-Yan Law (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-970X)
- Zhi‐Yun Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7402-6487)
- R. Fedriani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4040-4934)
- Joseph J. Armstrong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4855-1325)
- Lucía Bravo Ferres
- Alva V. I. Kinman
- Yichen Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7511-0034)
Institutions
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- European Southern Observatory (DE)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory (IT)
- University of Florida (US)
- RIKEN (JP)
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (US)
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (ES)
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (JP)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
Publication Details
- Journal
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Published
- 2025-04-01
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad8889
- Citations
- 6
- Primary Topic
- Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 6.93
Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Space Telescope Science Institute
- Fundación Carmen y Severo Ochoa
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación