Fe3O4@L@Schiff base-Pd magnetic nanoparticles as a novel catalyst for green synthesis of asymmetric biphenyls and pyridine derivatives

• Fe 3 O 4 @L@Schiff base-Pd MNPs as a recyclable catalyst was synthesized. • Fe 3 O 4 @L@Schiff base-Pd shows superior activity in the synthesis of asymmetric biphenyls and pyridine derivatives . • The products were produced in excellent yields under mild conditions. • Low palladium loading was used in the reaction. This research project focused on the synthesis and characterization of a novel palladium-Schiff base complex derived from 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, immobilized on Fe 3 O 4 @L to function as a reusable magnetic catalyst. The environmental compatibility of the catalyst was evaluated using an array of analytical techniques, including vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The study demonstrated the catalyst's effectiveness in facilitating carbon–carbon coupling reactions and the synthesis of pyridine derivatives. Key advantages of this catalytic system include eco-friendly reaction conditions, elimination of harmful organic solvents, minimal catalyst loading, reduced reaction times, and broad substrate compatibility.