The quest for sustainable mosques: A paradigm shift with the quadruple bottom line framework

There are over 3.6 million mosques worldwide, and the Muslim population is projected to reach 2.76 billion by 2050. However, significant gaps persist in understanding how mosques contribute to sustainable development and how this benefits the mosque as an organization. This study investigates the sustainability performance of mosques, which are faith-based organizations, using the Quadruple Bottom Line (QBL) framework: Prosperity, People, Planet, and Prophet. By employing surveys of mosque attendees ( n = 719) and managers ( n = 97) in Indonesia, this research analyzes the mosques’ QBL performance through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and evaluates their sustainability scores in Jakarta, Indonesia, using the RDAP model. The results reveal a significant impact from all four dimensions of the 4P framework on sustainability. The "People" dimension has demonstrated the lowest performance. Furthermore, 32 % of mosques exhibit reactive or defensive behaviors, indicating a lack of proactive sustainability initiatives. This research contributes to the development of the QBL framework within the context of non-profit and faith-based organizations. From a practical perspective, it offers valuable insights for mosque managers to identify areas for improvement and align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Additionally, these insights can help mosque managers and policymakers craft strategies to enhance mosque sustainability.