The Potential Applications of Shape Memory Alloys in Monument Preservation

Materials with shape memory properties can return to a predetermined shape upon exposure to heat after deformation. This phenomenon was first discovered by Swedish physicist Arne Olander in 1932, when he observed the unusual properties of gold-cadmium alloys. Subsequently, researchers such as Chang and Read also studied this material behaviour as early as 1951. By 1958, these properties were presented at the Brussels World Expo, and in 1961, similar characteristics were identified in nickel-titanium alloys at the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory while investigating other properties of the material. Despite the fact that the knowledge of these materials and their properties dates back more than 90 years, our understanding of them remains relatively limited, and they continue to be the subject of ongoing research. Shape memory alloys have a wide range of applications, including significant uses in the field of medicine. This study focuses primarily on their structural applications, particularly in the context of historical buildings, including their integration as a protective measure against earthquake damage. The broader understanding and application of shape memory alloys (SMA) offer significant potential for the restoration of historic or heritage buildings, as well as for preventing further damage to their structural systems. This can be achieved without the need for extensive modifications to the original structure, geometry, or appearance. This is due to the mechanical properties of SMA-containing structures, which allow for minimizing the cross-sectional size, the number of anchorage points, and the extent of invasive interventions. Unlike traditional methods, this enables the use of a less intrusive reinforcement approach to protect buildings effectively. The aim of this research is to present the properties and behaviour of these materials, existing examples where shape memory alloys have been successfully applied, and explore their potential applications.