Numerical simulation of copper–gold mineralization in the Xiahe-Hezuo area of the western Qinling orogenic belt: Significance for prospecting and factors influencing similarities and differences in favorable mineralization areas

Fig. 1 Simplified model of the Xiahe-Hezuo Copper and gold deposits (a) and model meshed in CFD (b). we developed a two-dimensional simplified model illustrating magma ascent from depth, halting between 0–6 km based on the regional metallogenic pattern. This simplified model, depicted as having a maximum depth of 6000 m and a width of 8000 m ( Fig. 1 a), was modeled using CFD meshing in the COMSOL software ( Fig. 1 b). Fig. 2 The temperature distribution over time is concentrated in the temperature range of 500℃∼600℃. Reflects the formation temperature of Fe 2+/3+ and Cu 2+ mineralization in the Xiahe-Hezuo area mineralization model. The numerical model connects the four main processes related to mineralization in hydrothermal ore-forming systems and their complex coupling relationships, namely heat conduction, rock deformation, fluid migration, and material diffusion. The results show that the disparities in the distribution of Cu2+ and Fe2+/3+ within the ore-forming fluids contribute to the varying orientation of copper–gold deposits from southwest to northeast in the Xiahe-Hezuo region of the West Qinling Mountains( Fig. 2 ). • The differences in the distribution of Cu²⁺ and Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ in the metallogenic fluid of the Xiqinling Xihe-Hezuo cooperative area lead to a regular distribution of copper-gold deposits. • In the Xiahe-Hehe region of the West Qinling Mountains, temperature, pressure, and fluid flow are the main controlling factors in the mineralization process. • Numerical simulation is effective in studying ore-controlling factors. The West Qinling Orogenic Belt in central China is home to numerous world-class gold deposits with abundant metal resources and significant economic values. However, the complex origin of these deposits has hindered a comprehensive understanding of their formation mechanisms, impeding thorough exploration of their economic potential. This study has developed a comprehensive simplified model of a copper–gold deposit in the West Qinling Cooperation-Xiahe area, using numerical simulation methods to quantitatively depict the mineralization process and anticipating the future direction of numerical simulation in mineralization geological research. The integrated numerical modelling considers heat transfer, pressure, fluid flow, and mineral migration. Analysis reveals that temperature, pressure anomalies, and mineral enrichment play crucial roles in governing mineralization in the Xiahe-Hezuo area of the West Qinling Mountains. The variations in copper–gold mineralization between the southwest and northeast regions are attributed to the similarities and differences in the enriched areas of mineralization chemical ions. These findings lay the groundwork for a more detailed exploration of gold deposit formation in the West Qinling Cooperation-Xiahe area and provide valuable insights into future exploration efforts. While the current numerical simulation methods have limitations, such as undefined chemical reaction processes, uncertain pre-mineralization conditions, and the constraints of a two-dimensional model, the research outcomes of this project aim to enhance the effectiveness of mineralization models in comprehending the mineralization process and offering quantitative insights to tackle a wider array of geological challenges.