Modern рerspectives on еtiopathogenesis of аlopecia аreata and рromising treatment аpproaches (Review)

Objective — to analyze current literature data on the relationship between the body’s immune system and hair follicles in the context of the etiopathogenesis of alopecia areata and to identify promising therapeutic approaches for this dermatosis. Materials and methods. A review of current scientific literature was conducted on the interaction between the body’s immune system and hair follicles. Emphasis was placed on the role of immune cells (T-cells, macrophages, dendritic cells) and their signaling pathways (interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, interferons) in maintaining homeostasis and contributing to hair follicle pathology. The review discusses key concepts of immune-mediated hair regeneration, analyzes unresolved mechanisms, and discusses therapeutic prospects for using these mechanisms to treat various types of immune-mediated alopecia. Results and discussion. According to the literature review analysis, it was found that the immune system plays a crucial role in regulating the hair growth cycle, supporting homeostasis, and triggering pathological processes. Macrophages and regulatory T-cells promote hair follicle regeneration through growth factor production. Imbalance in the immune system, particularly increased activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines, may lead to autoimmune hair disorders such as alopecia areata.Conclusions. The analysis of modern literature data indicates a close relationship between the body’s immune system and hair follicles in terms of the occurrence of alopecia areata. Further study of immune-mediated hair regeneration mechanisms holds promise for developing new treatments for alopecia areata.