Impact of transforaminal epidural steroid injection on pain and disability outcomes by lumbar intervertebral disc herniation class: a prospective study

TFESI effectively reduces pain and disability across varying disc morphologies. At the 1-month mark, pain relief was more pronounced in group 1B compared to 2A and 2AB groups, whereas at the 3-month mark, the results were similar between subgroups. Larger studies with longer follow-up are needed to improve patient selection criteria and optimize treatment strategies.