Advances and Challenges in mRNA Vaccine Technology

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, mRNA vaccine technology has achieved groundbreaking advancements. Characterized by its high safety profile and potent immune activation capabilities, this technology has demonstrated significant potential in the prevention of infectious diseases and cancer therapeutics, marking a new milestone in vaccine development. This review focuses on three key aspects—molecular design, delivery systems, and immunological mechanisms—providing a comprehensive analysis of structural optimization strategies, delivery methodologies, and immune modulation approaches for mRNA vaccines. Additionally, it summarizes and evaluates potential challenges that may arise in the future development of mRNA vaccines. By analyzing existing technological pathways, this review aims to advance innovation in mRNA vaccine technology and facilitate its broad applications in public health and veterinary medicine.